![]() ![]() The person who followed these precepts would achieve happiness. As part of the universal city that is the universe, human beings have a duty of care to all fellow humans. ![]() Suffering arises from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. ![]() Individuals, however, are responsible for their own actions which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control, but we can accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. Philosophy, he taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. His teachings were noted down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses. He was probably born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey), and lived in Rome until his exile to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece, where he lived most of his life and died. ![]()
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